May 19, 1536. Anne Boleyn, Henry VIIIs scandalous second wife, stands on a scaffold at the Tower of London and prepares to meet her death. She delivers an eloquent, dignified speech, with a final plea: “If any person will meddle of my cause, I require them to judge the best.” More than anyone else she was leaving behind, it was her daughter whom she wished to think well of herand, perhaps, to rehabilitate her reputation. She could not have predicted with what vigor and commitment the future Elizabeth I would dedicate herself to the task.
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Anne Boleyn and Elizabeth I. Two of the most famous women in British history. Their stories are as familiar as they are compelling. Henry VIIIs obsessive love for Anne turning to bitter disappointment when she failed to give him a son, her bloody death on the scaffold barely three years after being crowned queen. Her daughter Elizabeths turbulent path to the throne, her long and glorious reigna “Golden Age” for England, with overseas adventurers, Shakespeare and Spenser, royal favorites, the vanquishing of the Armada, all presided over by the self-styled Virgin Queen.
And yet, until now, Anne and Elizabeths stories have never been told together: the nature of their relationship, the impact it had on their own lives and those around them, and its enduring legacy. In part, this is understandable. Elizabeth was less than three years old when the Calais swordsman severed her mothers head at the Tower of London on May 19, 1536.
Even while Anne had lived, Elizabeth had seen little of her and had followed the traditional upbringing for a royal infant, established in a separate household, far removed from her parents at court. And then there is the impression that Elizabeth herself gave. “She prides herself on her father and glories in him,” observed Giovanni Michiel, the Venetian ambassador to England during the reign of Elizabeths sister Mary. The many references that Elizabeth made to her “dearest father,” and the way in which she tried to emulate his style of monarchy when she became queen, all support this view.
By contrast, Elizabeth is commonly (but inaccurately) said to have referred directly to Anne only twice throughout her long life. She made no attempt to overturn the annulment of her mothers marriage or to have her reburied in more fitting surrounds than the Tower of London chapel. The obvious conclusion is that Elizabeth was at best indifferent towards, and at worst ashamed of Anne. But the truth is both more complex and more fascinating. Exploring Elizabeths actions both before and after she became queen reveals so much more than her words.
To the very end, her daughter had honored Annes scaffold plea to “meddle” in her cause.
One of the most revealing pieces of evidence about Elizabeths feelings towards her late mother can be found in her personal possessions. We have a detailed record of these, thanks to the inventories that were taken of these during her long reignand one that was drawn up after the death of her father, Henry VIII, in 1547. This includes a list of the late kings possessions which his daughters were given for their own households. As the elder, more favored princess, Mary was at liberty to select an array of rich furnishings from among her fathers vast treasure.
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The Tapestries
Elizabeths choice from her late fathers possessions was more frugal and mostly confined to religious items, reflecting her intense piety. But it also included something that was closely connected with Anne Boleyn: a set of tapestries depicting Christine de Pizans The City of Ladies. Anne had encountered the work during her youth in the courts of the Netherlands and France, and an English translation had been published in 1521.
The ideas it put forward about female education and leadership were a source of profound inspiration for Elizabeth. The inventory reveals that the six large tapestries were “delivered to the Lady Elizabeth… towards the furniture of her house.” Each measured an average of eight by five meters, so if hung together they would have required a room or hall with a perimeter of almost fifty meters. To have such a prominent visual reminder of Christine de Pizans work hanging on the walls of her home was a clear demonstration of how much it had influenced Elizabethand of how greatly she revered her mothers memory.
The Ring
One of the oldest and most precious items in the collection of Chequers House, the British prime ministers country residence, is a tiny, exquisitely crafted ring, fashioned from mother-of-pearl and embossed with rubies and diamonds. It opens to reveal two portraits: one is of Elizabeth I; the other is thought to be of her mother, Anne Boleyn, the most famousand controversialof Henry VIIIs six wives.
When closed, the two portraits almost touch: face to face, mother to daughter. The Virgin Queen was well known for her love of expensive and elaborate jewelry, yet this comparatively simple piece was her most cherished possession and she kept it with her until the day she died. It is a poignant symbol of the private reverence in which she held her late mother throughout her long life.
The Bed of Estate
Among the largest items that Elizabeth inherited from her mother was “the rich Bed of Estate” that Anne gave birth to her in. Described as “one of the richest and most triumphant beds,” it was said to have formed part of the ransom of the Duke of Alenon, who had been captured at Verneuil in 1424possibly a nod to Annes time at the French court in her youth. Elizabeth later showed the bed off to one of her suitors, the Duke of Anjou and Alenon, and quipped that he might recognize it.
The Book of Hours
Elizabeth inherited a large number of books from her mother. The oldest is an exquisitely illuminated Book of Hours from the mid-fifteenth century. She inscribed it: “Le temps viendra / je Anne Boleyn” (The time will come / I Anne Boleyn). Between the words “je” and “Anne,” she inserted a small drawing of an armillary sphere, which both she and her daughter used as their emblem.
The Gold Cup
A beautiful silver-gilt cup with the Boleyn falcon sitting proudly on top was made for Anne in 1535. After her death it passed to her daughter, who later gifted it to her physician, Richard Master, who had served her from the beginning of her reign. In 1563, he gave it to St John the Baptist Parish Church in Cirencester, where it is still on display.
The Falcon
The falcon was Annes most famous emblem and Elizabeth used it to decorate many of her palaces and possessions. Although most of the falcons made during Annes lifetime were destroyed by Henry VIII, one of them recently turned up at auction. Carved from oak and beautifully gilded, the crowned falcon rests on a bed of Tudor roses. It was one of 150 commissioned by Henry to decorate Hampton Court and is a rare survivor of Annes queenship.
Elizabeth died surrounded by her Boleyn relatives and the Boleyn coat of arms was proudly displayed throughout her funeral procession. Annes falcon badge was added to her daughters magnificent tomb in Westminster Abbey. To the very end, her daughter had honored Annes scaffold plea to “meddle” in her causeand, as always, had “judged the best.”
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Anne Boleyn & Elizabeth I: The Mother and Daughter Who Forever Changed British History by Tracy Borman. is available now from Atlantic Monthly Press.
